ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the clinical characteristics and experience in the diagnosis and treatment of neonatal gastric perforation, and the factors influencing prognosis.Methods:This was a retrospective analysis involving 49 neonatal gastric perforation cases who underwent surgical treatment in the Neonatal Surgery Department of Shanxi Children's Hospital from January 2008 to December 2017. Their clinical data, including manifestations, auxiliary examinations, operations, and prognosis, were analyzed. According to the prognosis, these patients were divided into two groups, survival group, and fatality group. Independent sample t-test or continuity correction Chi-square (or Fisher's exact) test was used for statistical analysis. Results:(1) Of the 49 cases, 29 (59.2%) were boys, and 20 (40.8%) were girls. There were 30 (61.2%) premature and 19 (38.8%) full-term babies. Their birth weight ranged between 1 010 and 5 000 g with an average of (2 450±700) g. Low birth weight infants accounted for 59.2% (29/49). There were 11 cases (22.4%) having perinatal adverse events, 17 (34.7%) complicated by septic shock before the operation, and six (12.2%) with digestive tract malformation. Two cases (4.1%) underwent resuscitation due to postnatal asphyxia; two (4.1%) received mechanical ventilation due to respiratory distress syndrome; 12 (24.5%) received indwelling were indwelled gastric tube or gastric lavage. (2) The average onset time of neonatal gastric perforation in the 49 cases was (3.8±2.0) d after birth, and 47(95.9%) of them presented initial symptoms within one week, including 36 within four days. Twenty-five cases (51.0%) were operated within 12 h after the onset. (3) The common first symptoms include abdominal distention [69.4% (34/49)] and abdominal distension complicated with vomiting (24.5%, 12/49). Thirty-nine cases (79.6%) showed a large amount of free gas under the diaphragm, compressed and down-moving liver, and decreased or disappeared stomach bubble in the preoperative abdominal radiograph. (4) All cases received emergency laparotomy and primary gastric wall repair after admission. During the operation, 27 (55.1%) of all the cases had perforation at the greater curvature, five (10.2%) at the lesser curvature, 14 (28.6%) at the anterior wall, and three (6.1%) at the posterior wall. Perforation larger than 3 cm in diameter was found in 33 cases (67.3%). Three cases (6.1%) had postoperative wound infection; two (4.1%) developed anastomotic leakage; one was complicated by pneumohydrothorax 48 h after the operation due to esophageal duplication and perforation, which was confirmed by a second operation. (5) Of the 49 cases, 35 (71.4%) were due to congenital gastric wall muscular defect, four (8.2%) were caused by iatrogenic injury, and 10 (20.4%) were spontaneous perforation. (6) Among all cases, 36 (73.5%) survived, while eight (16.3%) died, and five (10.2%) withdraw treatment after the operation. After excluding the five cases giving up treatment after the operation, the proportion of patients who underwent operation within 12 h after onset or had the perforation <3 cm in diameter was higher in the survival group than in the fatality group [61.1% (22/36) vs. 1/8, χ2=4.404, P<0.05; 41.7% (15/36) vs. 0/8, P<0.05], and the incidence of septic shock before the operation was lower [22.2% (8/36) vs. 6/8, χ2=6.147, P<0.05]. Conclusions:Neonatal gastric perforation shows a high mortality rate, and its underlying pathologic etiology is congenital gastric wall muscle defect. Abrupt abdominal distension is the main clinical manifestation. Early operation is critical to improving neonatal prognosis.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE： To establish a method for the determination of related substances in rifabutin crude drug and capsules by HPLC. METHODS： HPLC method was adopted. The determination was performed on Agilent XDB-C8 column with mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.1 mol/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution （pH 6.5±0.1） （50 ∶ 50， V/V） at the flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The detection wavelength was set at 254 nm， the column temperature was 30 ℃， and sample size was 20 μL. The mobile phase was used as solvent to prepare the sample solution with a mass concentration of 1.0 mg/mL. The system suitability test was performed by using newly established method and current method （mass concentration of sample solution 0.5 mg/mL， C18 column） stated in quality standard of rifabutin crude drug and capsules. Related substance test was conducted for 6 batches of rifabutin crude drug and capsule （peak area normalization method）. RESULTS： The linear range of rifabutin was 0.8-16 μg/mL（r＝1.000 0）， RSDs of precision， reproducibility and stability tests （12 h） were all lower than 2.0％ （n＝6）； the limits of detection and quantification were 0.025 4， 0.085 2 μg/mL. In system suitability test， by using new method and current method， separation degree of rifabutin peak and pre-degradation product peak were 7.50 and 3.47. When 6 batches of samples were determined， the number of impurities detected by this method was 1-5 more than that by the current method， and the total amount of impurities was 0.19％-0.55％ higher. CONCLUSIONS： Established new method is well-separated and sensitive， and can be used for the determination of related substance in rifabutin crude drug and capsules， which helps the quality control of drugs.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effect of mild hypothermia preconditioning against ischemia/ reperfusion (I/R) injury of cultured primary cortical rats neurons,and to compare the protective effect of mild hypothermia only and with its combination with drugs.Methods Cortical neurons of neonatal Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat within 24 hours after birth were harvested and cultured in vitro.On the 3rd day,the cells were cultured in a medium containing 2.5 mg/L cytosine arabinoside to inhibit the growth of glial cells and fibroblast.Having cultured for 6 days they were randomly divided into blank control group,glutamate damaged group (cultured with 200 μmol/L glutamate for 0.5 hour after washing),mild hypothermia preconditioning group (cultured under 33.5 ℃ for 24 hours before injury induced by glutamate),mild hypothermia combining with edaravone preconditioning group,and the hypothermia combining with propofol preconditioning group (medium containing 100 μmol/L edaravone and 3 mg/L propofol).They were cultured under 33.5 ℃ for 24 hours before injury induced by glutamate.After 24 hours of culturing in various medium,apoptosis ratio was observed by flow cytometry.Cell surviving rate was determined with methylthiazolete trazolium (MTT),c-fos protein expression was assayed,and morphologic change of cells with hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining under the microscope,and uhrastructure changes were observed after uranyl acetate and lead citrate staining under transmission electron microscope.Results The apoptosis ratio and c-fos protein in glutamate damaged group were significantly higher than those in blank control group [apoptosis ratio:(9.85 ± 0.76)％ vs.(0.94 ± 0.20)％,c-fos (ng/L):6.96 ± 0.75 vs.1.65 ± 0.59,both P＜0.01],the cell surviving rate was significantly lower than that in blank control group [(0.20 ± 0.02)％ vs.(0.97 ± 0.03)％,P＜0.01].Mild hypothermia preconditioning reversed surviving rate,apoptosis ratio and c-fos protein,and the effect of hypothermia combining with propofol preconditioning was obviously better [cell surviving rate:(0.80 ± 0.04)％ vs.(0.20 ± 0.02)％,apoptosis ratio:(2.26 ± 0.54)％ vs.(9.85 ± 0.76)％,c-fos (ng/L):2.98 ± 0.46 vs.6.96 ± 0.75,all P＜0.01].The morphology of cortical neurons in blank control group was normal.Most of the cells in glutamate damaged group showed bluish black cytoplasm with pyknic nuclei,with crimpled axons and of them were fractured,and cell number was obviously decreased.In each pre-conditional groups,decrease in cell number was unconspicuous,and only a few cells showed apoptosis.Under transmission electron microscope,it was found that cell membrane,mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum were intact in blank control group,but with reduction in organelles,severely swollen mitochondria,even with formation of vacuole or pyknosis,serious dilation of rough endoplasmic reticulum,with loss of cristac with loss of vacuoles or pyknosis,and marked dilatation of intemal reticular endoplasm,and loss of cristac with vacuolation and chromatin were observed under electron microscope in glutamate damaged group.Compared with the glutamate damaged group,these pathologic changes were markedly alleviated in protected groups.Conclusions Mild hypothermia preconditioning can inhibit glutamate-induced injury to cortical neurons.The protective effect of mild hypothermia combined with propofol is better.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the vascular supply of intrinsic muscles of foot and anatomic basis for muscular flap design.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A radiopaque injectate (lead oxide-gelatin mixtures, 26 ml/kg) was injected into 10 fresh cadavers. The dissected regions were photographed and each intrinsic muscles on the foot was removed and radiographed. The number, type, diameter of vascular branches of muscles and their distributions were observed. The area of the vascular territory supplied by each source vessel was calculated using Scion Image for Windows software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were significant architectural differences among the intrinsic muscles. The muscles length varied from 22.5mm to 116.2mm [average, (66.1 +/- 23.2)mm]. The measured fiber length were relatively consistent, ranging from 14.2 mm to 27.5 mm [average, (20.2 +/- 4.5)mm]. There are 63 vascular branches into the 23 foot muscles, each muscle having average branches of 3.2 +/- 0.8. The average diameter of branches, the length and width of each vascular territorial area is (0.8 +/- 0.3) mm, (2.2 +/- 0.8) cm, and (0.9 +/- 0.4) cm, respectively. Other findings included that some muscles were not present in some cadavers.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The blood supply of intrinsic muscles of foot is abundant with different diameter and distributions of branches. There is an anatomic basis for muscular or musculoosseous flap design. There are 7 intrinsic muscles with large and reliable vascular supply which can be chosen as muscular flaps.</p>